Main article: All Comers Track Meets
Track and Field is the most accessible sport for anybody to participate in. It only takes two people to have a race, or one can simply race a stopwatch. In events called All Comers Track Meets, anybody who wishes to participate is welcome. They are pretty low-key and are merely intended for gaining experience or just practicing for races. There is no exclusion because participants have no teams or even equipment. Most such meets are low cost or free. While races are usually seeded based on the entrant's expected level of ability, the most elite of athletes can and do use these meets as training grounds.Physics of jumpingA split leap executed by an acro dancer. This is one of several types of leaps fond in dance.All jumping is governed by basic physical laws of ballistic trajectories - once the animal has completely launched itself from the substrate, it will traverse a parabolic path determined by the launch angle, with launch angle and initial launch velocity determining distance, duration, and height of the jump. Maximum jump distance occurs at a launch angle of 45 degrees, but an animal can be within a range of 35-55 degrees and still achieve 90% of maximal distance.A jump can be initiated when the animal is either moving or stationary. In a jump from stationary (a 'standing jump'), the animal is initially stationary, and all of the work done to accelerate the body through launch until takeoff is achieved is done in a single movement. The muscles do a certain amount of physical work (adding kinetic energy to the system), resulting in the final kinetic energy of the body (which is proportional to velocity squared). The more work the muscles do, the greater the final speed, thus the shorter the time interval of the jump's propulsive phase. Work divided by time = power. The more power generated, the greater the jump distance or height will be. Many jumping animals have muscles optimized for power production (as opposed to optimization for force or velocity), as well as adaptations such as elastic elements to increase power output.
Track and Field is the most accessible sport for anybody to participate in. It only takes two people to have a race, or one can simply race a stopwatch. In events called All Comers Track Meets, anybody who wishes to participate is welcome. They are pretty low-key and are merely intended for gaining experience or just practicing for races. There is no exclusion because participants have no teams or even equipment. Most such meets are low cost or free. While races are usually seeded based on the entrant's expected level of ability, the most elite of athletes can and do use these meets as training grounds.Physics of jumpingA split leap executed by an acro dancer. This is one of several types of leaps fond in dance.All jumping is governed by basic physical laws of ballistic trajectories - once the animal has completely launched itself from the substrate, it will traverse a parabolic path determined by the launch angle, with launch angle and initial launch velocity determining distance, duration, and height of the jump. Maximum jump distance occurs at a launch angle of 45 degrees, but an animal can be within a range of 35-55 degrees and still achieve 90% of maximal distance.A jump can be initiated when the animal is either moving or stationary. In a jump from stationary (a 'standing jump'), the animal is initially stationary, and all of the work done to accelerate the body through launch until takeoff is achieved is done in a single movement. The muscles do a certain amount of physical work (adding kinetic energy to the system), resulting in the final kinetic energy of the body (which is proportional to velocity squared). The more work the muscles do, the greater the final speed, thus the shorter the time interval of the jump's propulsive phase. Work divided by time = power. The more power generated, the greater the jump distance or height will be. Many jumping animals have muscles optimized for power production (as opposed to optimization for force or velocity), as well as adaptations such as elastic elements to increase power output.
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